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Africa,” 19 October 1967, 9, National Security
File Country File: Union of South Africa, box 78,
LBJL; CIA, National Intelligence Estimate, “The
Liberation Movements of Southern Africa,” 24
November 1967, National Security File, NIE, box
8, LBJL; Knight (Lisbon) to Dept. of State, 19
October 1971, 2, FOIA 1982/1889; “Policy Plan-
ning Memorandum No. 1,” enclosed in Dept. of
State to all African Diplomatic Posts, Lisbon,
London, Paris, Rome, 2 December 1971, FOIA
1982/0426; Knight (Lisbon) to Dept. of State, 7
January 1972, FOIA 1982/2672.
26 Interview with Paul O’Neil, Washington, D.C.,
20 February 1992.
27 “Discurso pronunciado,” 2.
28 Lucio Lara, “A história do MPLA” [A His-
tory of the MPLA], n.d., 100. I would like to thank
Dr. Christine Messiant of the Centre d’Etudes
Africaines of Paris for sharing this important,
unpublished document with me.
29 Rafael Moracén, who fought in Cabinda, al-
lowed me to photocopy his diary, “Diario de
campaña de Humberto Vazquez Mancevo.” In
addition to Moracén (Havana, 21 June 1994), I
also interviewed several other Cubans who fought
in Cabinda: Osvaldo Fuente Veitía (Havana, 25
June 1994); Rafael Orlando Duany (Havana, 12
March 1996); Fernando Galindo (Havana, 12
March 1996); Tirso Arcide Reyna (Havana, 5
March 1996). See also: César Augusto Kiluanji,
Trajectória da vida de um guerrilheiro [The Life
of a Guerrilla] (Lisbon: Editorial Vanguardia,
1990), 29-34.
30 Moracén, “Diario de campaña,” entry of Sep-
tember 1965.
31 Interview with Moracén.
32 Interviews with Carlos Cadelo, the Commu-
nist party official whose portfolio included Angola
(Havana, 7 July 1995), and with Félix Véliz
Hernández (Havana, 3 July 1995) and Luis Mario
Burgos (Havana, 24 June 1994), who were pre-
paring to leave for eastern Angola; MINFAR,
“Síntesis histórica de la ayuda internacionalista
16 COLD WAR INTERNATIONAL HISTORY PROJECT BULLETIN
de Cuba a la R.P.A. [Summary of the history of
the internationalist assistance given by Cuba to
the P.R.A.],” n.d., 3, Archives of the Instituto de
Historia de Cuba, Havana. (Hereafter “Síntesis”)
33 “Conversación con Agostinho Neto, día 31
de diciembre de 1974 [Conversation with
Agostinho Neto, 31st of December 1974],” Ap-
pendix no. 6, enclosed in “Informe sobre la visita
realizada a Angola” [Report on the Visit to
Angola], 21 March 1975, 31, CID-FAR. (Here-
after “Informe sobre la visita”)
34 “Informe sobre la visita,” 1.
35 “Conversación con Agostinho Neto al finalizar
la visita a Angola” [Conversation with Agostinho
Neto at the conclusion of his visit to Angola], en-
closed in “Informe sobre la visita,” 32-33.
36 Cadelo, note to author, Havana 15 July 1995,
7.
37 Conversación con Agustinho Neto, día 31 de
diciembre de 1974,” enclosed in “Informe sobre
la visita,” quotation on p. 31; interviews with
Cadelo and Alfonso Pérez Morales (Pina) (Ha-
vana, 28 February 1996).
38 “Conversación con Agostinho Neto al finalizar
la visita a Angola,” enclosed in “Informe sobre la
visita,” 33.
39 Interview with Cadelo.
40 Andrés González Ballester, “Estudio de la
colaboración militar cubano-angolana, 1975-
1976,” Havana, Instituto Superior de Relaciones
Internacionales, 1989, quotation on p. 10; Cadelo,
note to author, 10.
41 See The Observer, 20 April 1975, 11, and 18
May 1975, 5; Le Monde, 3 May 1975, 6.
42 Zambia Daily Mail (Lusaka), 21 April 1975,
1.
43 “Informe sobre las actividades ejecutadas por
el Partido Comunista de Cuba y Gobierno
Revolucionario para dar cumplimiento a la ayuda
solicitada por el Movimiento Popular para la
Liberación de Angola [Report on the actions taken
by the Communist party of Cuba and the Revo-
lutionary Government to deliver the aid requested
by the Popular Movement for the Liberation of
Angola],” (hereafter “Informe sobre las
actividades”), CID-FAR, 1 (quoted); “Síntesis,”
5; interviews with Cadelo and Víctor Schueg
Colás (Havana, 27 February 1996), who were
members of the delegation.
44 “Síntesis,” 6.
45
See “Síntesis,” 6-7 and “Informe sobre las
actividades,” 1-2.
46 Interview with Risquet, Havana, 15 February
1996.
47 See the trailblazing article by Peter Kornbluh
and James Blight, “Dialogue with Castro: A Hid-
den History,” The New York Review of Books, 6
October 1994, 45-49.
48 Interview with Risquet. In his capacity as a
member of the Secretariat of the PCC, Risquet
attended the sessions of the Political Bureau.
49 The preparatory meeting for the conference
was held in Havana in late March 1975. The
Conferencia Internacional de Solidaridad con la
Independencia de Puerto Rico was held in Ha-
vana on September 5-8. (See Granma, 1, 5, 15
April 1975, all 1; 5 September 1975, 1; 6 Sep-
tember 1975, 8; 9 September 1975, 2.)
50 The mission to Syria (October 1973-January
1975) is briefly described in MINFAR, “Las
misiones internacionalistas desarrolladas por las
Ministry of Public Health, Havana; Ferrer,
“Informe sobre campaña de vacunación
(Continuación)” [Report on the vaccination cam-
paign (Continued)], 27 May 1966, ibid.; inter-
views with Jorge Risquet (Havana, 20 June 1994);
with the Cuban doctors Rodolfo Puente Ferro
(Havana, 21 June 1994) and Rodrigo Alvarez
Cambra (Havana, 12 March 1996); and with Tirso
Arcide Reyna (Havana, 5 March 1996), a Cuban
soldier who helped in the campaign.
18 See Empresa Cubana de Navegación, [record
of the Luis Arcos Bergnes], Manifiesto de
pasajeros congoleses, Centro de Información de
la Defensa de las Fuerzas Armadas Revo-
lucionarias, Havana (hereafter CID-FAR); J’
Transporte U/M 1546 to J’ Servicios U/M 1546,
15 February 1966, CID-FAR; Estado Mayor Gen-
eral de las Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias,
“Relación de personal especial que se encuentra
en El Cano,” 24 February 1966, CID-FAR. Inter-
views with the Cubans doctors Alvarez Cambra,
Puente Ferro and Julian Alvarez (Havana, 5 April
1994) and with two other Cubans who partici-
pated in the operation: Ulises Estrada (Havana,
30 March 1994) and Rafael Orlando Duany (Ha-
vana, 12 March 1996); Granma (Havana), 5 July
1966, 1. See also René Gauze, The Politics of
Congo-Brazzaville (Stanford: Hoover Institute
Press, 1973), 205. and “Brazzaville — Cuba’s
new base?” African Review, August 1966, 10.
19
“Policy Planning Memorandum No. 1,” 9,
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